Category: Vanessa_atalanta

Red Admiral Eggs on Pellitory

7/1/2017

Completely by accident, we found some pellitory (Parietaria) plants clobbered in red admiral (Vanessa atalanta) at Albany Hill (Albany, California).

For the longest time, we have seen red admirals (Vanessa atalanta) flying at Albany Hill, or even in the city, during the summertime. Last year we discovered just a smidge of stinging nettle (Urtica) growing inside the path of Albany Hill, but never found any of their eggs. Obviously, these plants weren't enough to support an actual population. In fact, Albany Hill data from 1995-1999 concluded that Vanessa atalanta were most likely vagrant since no Urtica was recorded at the site during that time. The authors suspected urban pellitory (Parietaria) or baby's tears (Helxine or Soleirolia) as the more probable host plants.

Today we happened to stumble across a plant growing along the fence outside of Albany Hill that was getting a lot of attention from a red admiral. We almost jumped when we saw that the tiny plant was utterly suffocated in fresh eggs. The plant, as it turned out, was in fact some variety of pellitory which belongs in the same family as the nettles. We found more of the stuff growing along the same fence, all covered in eggs or even first instar larvae. It was quite clear that the red admiral population was getting quite desperate and that they were basically dependent on these small plants, almost all of which looked so young that they could have only grown in this year.

Interestingly, we also found a single west coast lady (Vanessa annabella) egg today on mallow (Malva), another exotic weed. Whereas the atalanta eggs seem to have about 8-12 ribs, the annabella have at least two to three times that.

Authors
Brian Liang

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A Painted Lady Caterpillar Mixed in With the West Coast Lady

9/28/2016

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Today we realized we have a fifth instar Painted Lady (Vanessa cardui) caterpillar mixed in with out fifth instar West Coast Ladies (Vanessa annabella)!

Yesterday, while we were cleaning out the petri dishes that we our West Coast Lady (Vanessa annabella) caterpillars in, we took note of which ones were in apolysis as always and took care not to disturb them. We had quite a few -- maybe five or so -- fourth instar individuals in apolysis for fith instar. We noticed then, that one of them seemed much larger than the others, larger than perhaps a young fifth instar. At the time, it never once crossed our mind that it might be a Painted Lady (Vanessa cardui) caterpillar, which are normally significantly larger than V. annabella but today we found out!

The fourth instar in apolysis looks more or less identical to the V. annabella fourth instars, so it was no wonder that we didn't realize earlier. Even among different V. annabella caterpillars before the fifth instar, there is very little variation (there is incredible diversity in coloration in the fifth instar， though); every single caterpillar we had looked pretty much identical. We don't know exactly when the V. cardui caterpillar molted, but it must have been a while since we checked this evening because we almost jumped back when we opened our petri dish and saw a monstrous caterpillar towering over even the largest of mature V. annabella fifth instars. Besides the ungodly size, its appearance was now distinctly different than any V. annabella caterpillar. Its body much longer and less fat compared to V. annabella, more like a Red Admiral (Vanessa atalanta). In addition, its coloration actually is very similar to that of a typical black morph V. atalanta that we have never witnessed in any V. annabella; the base is completely black with not red or yellow striped down the back seen in all of our V. annabella, the spiracles are outlined in yellow, and the feet are reddish. At the same time, it also doesn't look quite the same as V. atalanta. See images below.

The strange part about finding this V. cardui caterpillar is that mallow (Malva) is not a particularly popular host plant. While V. cardui is probably one of the only butterflies in our area that are truly polyphagous, capable of feeding on low plants from a huge number of unrelated botanical families, it still seems unlikely that they would utilize mallow unless there is a population spike and food sources are in high demand, but V. cardui is certainly is not very common in our particular region at this particular time. A regional preferences for host plants is plausible but unlikely -- why would they compete with the abundant V. annabella which exclusively feeds on mallow? If anything, we would assume that V. cardui would more commonly utilize the milk thistles growing here but to this date we have never found one on this particular host plant in Albany.

- Brian

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V. atalanta Rearing Notes (9/5/16-9/14/16)

9/14/2016

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The sixth installment of rearing notes for Red Admirals (Vanessa atalanta) that we collected at Tilden Regional Park (Berkeley, CA) from 9/5-9/14.

Rearing Notes 9/5-9/14:

9/14:

Unfortunately, it did not attach itself to the silk button very well as a J and fell and died while molting

9/13:

Will become a prepupae soon

9/12:

The fifth instar has grown quite large; it is a giant compared to a West Coast Lady (Vanessa annabella) fifth instar!

9/11:

9/10:

9/9:

9/8:

9/7:

9/6:

Molted to fifth instar; it is a typical black form with yellow spiracles and red feet; Red Admirals have the least major variation of the three Vannessas we have raised

9/5:

Fourth instar in apolysis for fifth

- Brian

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V. atalanta Rearing Notes (8/28/16-9/4/16)

9/4/2016

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The fifth installment of rearing notes for Red Admirals (Vanessa atalanta) that we collected at Tilden Regional Park (Berkeley, CA) from 8/28-9/4.

Rearing Notes and Stats 8/28/16-9/4/16:

9/4:

Fourth instar seems almost ready to molt to fifth

9/3:

Found a newly molted fifth instar dead with liquid trailing from both ends (left); fourth instar shown in middle and right

9/2:

Fourth instar shown below

9/1:

Molted to fourth instar

8/31:

One of the third instars is in apolysis for fourth instar

8/30:

5 fifth instars (top); third instars shown below

8/29:

The old third instar shown below

8/28:

Fifth instar shown in top left and middle; fourth instar in apolysis for fourth shown to the right
Found a third instar and an egg (bottom left) at Tilden Regional Park; the old third instar is shown in bottom middle and right

Stats:
Encounters this year:

Eggs (31) Difficult to identify whether they are Red Admiral or Satyr Comma
Larva (23)
Pupae (1)

Locations:

Tilden Regional Park District, Berkeley, CA (E31) (L23, P1)

Months:

July (E19) (L10, P1)
August (E12) (L13, P0)

- Brian

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V. atalanta Rearing Notes (8/20/16-8/27/16)

8/27/2016

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The fourth installment of rearing notes for Red Admirals (Vanessa atalanta) that we collected at Tilden Regional Park (Berkeley, CA) from 8/20-8/27.

Rearing Notes and Stats 8/20/16-8/27/16:

8/27:

The second instar is growing well

8/26:

The first instar has molted to second and is pitch black (top row)

8/25:

The first instar is now in apolysis for second

8/24:

No new eggs hatched, but the first instar is growing well; it likes to curl up the leaf with its silk

8/23:

Another one of the chrysalises turned out to be parasitized by a tachinid fly
Currently two prepupae, one fourth instar in apolysis for fifth (second row left), one fourth instar, one third instar in apolysis for fourth (second row middle) and one third instar (second row right)
The newborn is eating and growing very well; it has already built a nice nest made from silk attached to the surface of the leaf cutting

8/22:

One of the eggs that we collected on stinging nettles (Urtica dioca) at Tilden hatched sometime this morning; it appears to be a Red Admiral and not a Satyr Comma (Polygonia satyrus) since by nighttime, it had already built a loose silk shelter (left) and the latter species only construct nests in the later instars

8/21:

A newly molted fourth instar has died (first row left)
Found a second and third instar at Tilden as well as three eggs (first row middle)
Two third instars in apolysis for fourth (first row right)
One of the chrysalises was parasitized by a tachinid wasp (second row middle and right)
Some eggs becoming pharate (last row)

8/20:

Two of the fifth instars have pupated

Stats:
Encounters this year:

Eggs (21) Difficult to identify whether they are Red Admiral or Satyr Comma
Larva (21)
Pupae (1)

Locations:

Tilden Regional Park District, Berkeley, CA (E21) (L21, P1)

Months:

July (E19) (L10, P1)
August (E2) (L12, P0)

- Brian

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V. atalanta and P. Satyrus Rearing Notes (8/12/16-8/19/16)

8/19/2016

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The third installment of our rearing notes for Red Admirals (Vanessa atalanta) that we collected at Tilden Regional Park (Berkeley, CA) from 8/12-8/19, as well as a few Satyr Comma caterpillars (Polygonia satyrus) mixed in with the batch.

8/19:

Collected eight eggs from Tilden (found a few more but lost them)
One of the Satyr Commas seems to have died as a prepupa (bottom left); another seems ready to form a prepupa and looks fine (bottom middle)
Two Red Admirals have formed Js (one shown bottom right)

8/18: Nothing significant worth noting.

8/17:

The Satyr Comma that was in a J yesterday has pupated
Found two fifth instar, one fourth instar, one third instar, and one second instar Red Admiral; found one fifth instar and one fourth instar Satyr Comma at Tilden; also found an egg
One of the newly molted fifth instar Satyr Commas was found dead, lying limp in a pool of vomit (disease? seems unlikely given the rearing conditions)
Total of evelen (six fifth instar, three fourth instar, one third instar, and one second instar) Red Admirals; total of eight (six fifth instar, one fourth instar, and one third instar) Satyr Commas
Another Red Admiral chrysalis eclosed; it was a slightly deformed chrysalis and the butterfly's forewings seemed to be slightly undersized and it could not fly well (total of twelve Red Admiral chrysalses; five already eclosed and one was parasitized)

8/16:

The fifth instar Satyr Comma has formed a J

8/15:

A Red Admiral chrysalis was pharate this morning an eclosed by this afternoon

8/14:

Found a fifth instar Satyr Comma, a fourth instar Satyr Comma, a fifth instar Red Admiral, a fourth instar Red Admiral, and a third instar Red Admiral at Tilden Regional Park
Only the mature Satyr Commas make leaf nests whereas Red Admirals do so all instars; the Satyr Comma nest is simpler and involves pulling the two sides of the leaves together loosely to create a tunnel shape, while the Red Admiral is more complex and makes sort of a loose cocoon
Two of the third instar red Admiral have dessicated
Put stinging nettles leaves (Urtica dioica) in little water tubes and moved the caterpillars into three closed plastic containers (all five Red Admirals in one, four fourth instar and above Satyr Commas in another, and the three third instar and below Satyr Commas in the last)
Let the Red Admiral butterflies go

8/13:

The two fourth Satyr Commas have molted to fifth (top left and middle); the older fifth instar is going probably going to pupate soon, though it is still eating (top right)

8/12:

The two pharate chrysalises from 8/13 have eclosed
The fourth instar Satyr Commas are now in apolysis for fifth instar

Stats:
Encounters this year:

Eggs (21) Difficult to identify whether they are Red Admiral or Satyr Comma
- live (20)
- dead/hatched (1)
Larva (21) (9)
- live (21) (9)
- dead (0) (0)
Pupae (1) (0)
- live (1) (0)
- dead/emerged (0) (0)

Locations:

Tilden Regional Park District, Berkeley, CA (E21) (L21, P1) (L9, P0)

Months:

July (E19) (L10, P1) (L1, P0)
August (E2) (L12, P0) (L8, P0)

- Brian

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Fall West Coast Ladies Are Here

8/17/2016

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Today we found a bunch of West Coast Lady (Vanessa annabella) eggs now as they are starting to come into season.

Near the end of July, we made a post about all of the new species starting to trickle in as the season becomes ripe for them. One of them was our most common lady, the West Coast Lady (Vanessa annabella). We have frequently observed this species as being most abundant during the winter, but start coming in just about now, when fall is near.

Today, we found for this first time this summer, a few scattered wild mallow (Malva) plants growing on the grass that were covered in West Coast Lady eggs. Like the Anise Swallowtail's (Papilio zelicaon) beloved sweet fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), this mallow is an introduced weed that colonizes with ease. Almost every unattended grassy area has some. But despite looking for eggs for months, we have not been able to find any until today.

We counted a total of fourteen eggs, all collected from three tiny (probably regenerating) mallow plants outside a dog park. We also found a hatched egg with a newborn right next to it as well as a single third instar.

When we took these home, we were curious to compare them to the very closely related Red Admiral (Vanessa atalanta) that we are currently rearing a number of right now. The two species are even known to possibly hybridize in areas that they overlap, such as where we live. The West Coast Lady is the smallest of all our Vanessas. and when we compared an egg to a Red Admiral egg that we found today the size difference was quite evident. The Red Admiral eggs seem to be more translucent and a richer green, with the little ribs more clearly defined since they are larger; the West Coast Lady eggs are sort of just a murky milky green. The size difference in the caterpillars was significant too. The third instar we found was much smaller than the third instar Red Admiral in every aspect.

A main distinction between the West Coast Lady and Red Admiral caterpillars besides size is that the former always (or, at least, all of those that we have seen) bear yellow stripes running along the side. These stripes are present in Painted Lady (Vanessa cardui) as well, but not found in the Red Admirals. On top of that, the West Coast Lady caterpillars tend to vary less in color and are most often completely black except for the stripes; the Red Admiral black forms usually have colored spiracles and feet.

- Brian

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Comparing V. atalanta and P. satyrus

8/14/2016

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A side-by-side comparison between to two nettle-eating nymphalids, the Red Admiral (Vanessa atalanta) and the Satyr Comma (Polygonia satyrus).

Red Admirals (Vanessa atalanta) and Satyr Commas (Polygonia satyrus) are relatively closely related and somewhat similar species that overlap in range here in the Bay Area. Both are medium sized brush-footed butterflies (Nymphalidae) of the tribe Nymphalini. Both feed on nettles (Urticaceae) and like to make leaf nests. The appearance of the caterpillars, like most of Nymphalini are quite similar: black and/or yellowish coloration with a relatively slender body aligned with branching spines. The first time we encountered the caterpillar of P. satyrus on stinging nettle (Urtica dioca), we mistook it for V. atalanta, which were also found on the same plant.

Upon close examination, however, the two species are quite different. The following is a side-by-side comparison compiled from picture we took. V. atalanta is on the left and P. satyrus is on the right.

Dark form third instar

Dark form third instar (in apolysis)

Light form fifth instar

Typical leaf nest by a mature caterpillar

Chrysalis side view

Fifth instar skins with head capsule

Fourth instar head capsule

Fifth instar V. atalanta frass on left; fifth instar P. satyrus frass on right

- Brian

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Red Admiral Parasitoid Wasps Emerge

8/11/2016

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We found out on 8/7 that one of wild caught Red Admiral (Vanessa atalanta) chrysalises collected on 7/25 was parasitized by a ton of parasitoid wasps (possibly a Pediobius spp.) and today they emerged.

We're not exactly sure what species of parasitoid wasp this is, but we took a few pictures of them. There were possibly hundreds of them inside of our wild caught Red Admiral (Vanessa atalanta) chrysalis. Within a day of emerging, they began mating with each other directly in the petri dish we put them in. The larger ones are clearly females and the smaller ones are males.

- Brian

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V. atalanta and P. Satyrus Rearing Notes (8/4/16-8/11/16)

8/11/2016

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The second installment of our rearing notes for Red Admirals (Vanessa atalanta) that we collected at Tilden Regional Park (Berkeley, CA) from 8/4-8/11, as well as a few Satyr Comma caterpillars (Polygonia satyrus) mixed in with the batch.

Rearing Notes and Stats 8/4-8/11:

8/11:

Found a fifth instar Red Admiral (first row left), a third instar Satyr Comma (first row middle), and two second instar Red Admirals (first row right and second row left) at Tilden Regional Park
Two chrysalises pharate
One of the two fifth instar Red Admirals has pupated
The wasps that had parasitized the Red Admiral chrysalis we discovered on 8/7 have emerged

8/10:

The Satyr Commas are growing quite well (fifth instar shown in the top row and bottom left); the second instar is in apolysis for third (bottom middle and right)
Our second Red Admiral has emerged and is much larger than the last (third and fourth row); yet another chrysalis appears pharate
The two remaining Red Admiral fifth instar caterpillars are ready to pupate; the third instar is in apolysis for fourth

8/9:

One of the Red Admiral chrysalises was pharate this entire morning (first row middle and right; second row) and finally eclosed around 2 PM this afternoon (third to last row); another chrysalis seems to be becoming pharate as well

Videos:

Red Admiral (Vanessa atalanta) Eclosing

Red Admiral (Vanessa atalanta) Expanding Wings*

8/8:

The fourth instar Satyr Comma has molted into fifth (second row; head capsule shown in third row left); the fifth instar is shown in third row middle; the second instar in third row right; all of the Satyr Commas in fourth row left
A third instar Red Admiral in apolysis for fourth (second row right and fourth row middle); fifth instar in a nest shown in fourth row right; mature fifth instar shown in the fifth row
Total of nine Red Admiral chrysalises, two remaining fifth instar caterpillars, and one third instar

* Shown in 8x speed

8/7:

It seems that all of but one of our remaining immature caterpillars are Satyr Commas!; there are four total including the one we discovered yesterday: one fourth instar in apolysis for fifth (third row), two third instars (one shown in third row left in the background), and one second instar (fourth row left)
Third instar Red Admiral shown in fourth row left and middle; fifth instar shown in sixth row right and seventh row middle
The last of our Red Admirals are now pupating (fourth row right, sixth row, and seventh row)
Discovered that the first Red Admiral chrysalis we obtained (the wild caught one from 7/28) was parasitized, but clearly not by a tachinid fly like the others were; perhaps a Pediobius spp.? (first and second row)
Went to Tilden and found an egg, but ended up losing it

8/6:

We have discovered that another one of the caterpillars (a fourth instar) that we found is actually a Satyr Comma caterpillar; the look is distinctively different, even in the black morph one; Red Admiral black morph caterpillars also usually have black spikes and not yellow ones; also, the Satyr Comma is not as plump (body is more narrow) and never curls up into a ball when disturbed; the biggest giveaway though, is the head capsule shape (Satyr Commas have a squarish head capsule with horns)
The first row shows a third instar Satyr Comma; the second and third rows show a fifth instar
The fourth and fifth row compare Red Admiral caterpillars of various instars to the fifth instar Satyr Comma
Red Admiral second instar shown in sixth row left; newly molted fourth in the middle; fifth instars and a fourth instar on right; all fifth instars in seventh row
A newly molted, teneral Red Admiral chrysalis shown in the eight row

8/5:

The Satyr Comma chrysalis was parasitized (left); we had suspected as much because the chrysalis seemed abnormally undersized (we have never encountered this species in the past, so we have nothing to compare to, but still!); the parasitoid is the same as the one that came out of the Red Admiral chrysalis on

8/4:

The newborn has desiccated in the petri dish; next time we will try puting it in a closed container with fresh leaves in water

Stats:
Encounters this year:

Eggs (20) Difficult to identify whether they are Red Admiral or Satyr Comma
- live (19)
- dead/hatched (1)
Larva (16) (7)
- live (16) (7)
- dead (0) (0)
Pupae (1) (0)
- live (1) (0)
- dead/emerged (0) (0)

Locations:

Tilden Regional Park District, Berkeley, CA (E19) (L16, P1) (L7, P0)

Months:

July (E19) (L10, P1) (L1, P0)
August (E1) (L6, P0) (L6, P0)

- Brian

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